For laying out a right angle at a point on the chain line, the cross staff is held. In 1620 the english mathematician edmund gunter developed a surveying chain, which was superseded only by the steel tape beginning in the late 19th century. Surveying is a very important part of civil engineering. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff. Adjustable cross staff can be used to set any angle also since there are graduations and upper drum can be rotated over a lower drum. Perpendicular offset by swinging chain is stretched along the survey line. Surveying multiple choice questions and answers pdf free download for freshers civil engineering students. In some cases, much of the topographic surveying may be undertaken via photogrammetric processes. Chain surveying chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. Nov 08, 2017 chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors.
Method of setting offset to the chain line chain surveying principles have so far been. How to determine area of field using cross staff survey. Technical terms used in chain surveying survey stations these are important point fixed on ground indicating the starting point and the end point of the survey line. This type of surveying is used over small and leveled area. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid.
Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses instruments. If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by a straightening the links b removing one or more small circular rings c closing the joints of the rings if opened out d all of the above ans. Chain, cross staff, arrows, ranging rods and offset rods. Shawn johnson, senior construction managercad technician. Metric chain of 20m30m 1 no, tape 1 no, ranging rods 4 nos. Plotting work with conventional signs questions 4 chapter 5 cross staff chain surveying and instruments 51. It is a system of surveying in which sides of various triangles are measured directly in the field and no angular measurements are taken. The cross staff is made of metal or wood with eye slips at right angles and is used to measure right angles from the line of traverse. In this training manual, we used in plane surveying rather than those used in. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. Based on the instruments used and method of surveying, it can be classified as follows. Chain surveying or linear surveying surveying and levelling. In order to calculate the area of any irregular shaped field, it is necessary to divide that area into number of right angled triangles and trapezoids. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil.
Measure distance of aq, ar, as and at by chain on grid line and qq, rr, ss, tt using metallic tape respectively. It can be defined as the process of taking direct measurement, although not. This volume is one of the two which offer a comprehensive course in those parts of theory and practice of plane and geodetic surveying that are most commonly used by civil engineers. To locate the boundaries of a given field and also to determine the area. It consists of either a frame or box with two pairs of vertical slits and is mounted on a pole shod for fixing in the ground. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. This is used along with a gunters chain to measure most distances in a survey. Cross staff is the instrument used to locate the intersection point of a particular offset on a chain line 2. Used to mark end of the chain during the process of chaining. Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details.
The longest chain line in chain surveying is often called the base line. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a vertical datum. Measurements and errors iii6 revised may, 20 incorrectly entering a control point number in the data collector.
Cross staff chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or cross staff and their foot of offsets are g, i, j, h respectively. Chain a chain is mainly used in chain surveying to measure the distances. Reconnaissance survey preparation and scope the reconnaissance survey is an extensive study of an entire area that might be used for.
Chain, 20m or 30m long, tape, arrows, ranging rods, wooden or iron pegs, plumb bob, cross staff chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. These are also called as marking or chaining pins 10 arrows are provided along with each chain. Pegs ranging rods offset rods plum bob cross staff hammer. Chain surveying, principle of chain surveying, surveying stations, base line, check line, tie line offsets, oblique offsets, booking field notes, field works. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. Distance of the follower from the starting point is a 4 chains b 6 chains c 120 m d 180m ans. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering. Survey of an area by chain surveyclosed traverse in this post, i am going to discuss about to survey an open field by chain surveying in order to calculate the area of the open field. Define surveying and list out its various classification. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their. What is chain surveying part 1 ssc je preparation 2018. The first volume covers in 24 chapters, the most common surveying operations.
Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of. Chain, cross staff, arrows, ranging rods and offset rods procedure. In this method, the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines. Proper care in the use, storage, transportation and adjustment of the equipment is a major factor in the successful completion of a survey. Chain surveying is suitable for small areas with few details. Write all observation in field book or level book respectively. May 2005 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. On the instruments used in the survey chain survey compass. Feb 11, 2017 the chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and advantages. Here is a brief description of how i made an offset staff, 3 station staves, and a surveyors cross. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure.
Civil engineeringsurveying during chaining along a straight line, the. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. It is the most important line, fixes up the directions of all other lines. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. Perpendicular offsets using cross staffs three different types of cross staffs used for setting perpendicular offsets. In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets from these line. An offset staff is used for measuring distances of 10 links or less, to a precision of 110th of a link. Surveyors chain, also called gunters chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in englishspeaking countries. Chan surveying, chain surveying instruments,principles of chain surveying,purpose of.
The chain survey is preferred when the ground is nearly flat and open and also when the area to be surveyed is smaller. Following are the various types of chain in common use. The chain surveying is the most commonly used surveying for quick and short measurements. Chain surveying it is the simplest and oldest form of land surveying of an area using linear measurements only. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines.
Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. Equipment used to find the area using chain surveying. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil engineering. Chains, tapes, ranging rods, arrows, wooden cross staff, open cross staff, french cross staff, indian optical square, prism square. The term jacobs staff, also known as cross staff, a ballastella, a fore staff, or a balestilha, is used to refer to several things. Surveying professor bharat lohani department of civil. The materials provided for this postprocessed surveying training course include this training manual, which you can use during the class and on the job. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc.
Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and. Traversing traversing is the type of survey, in which a number of connected survey lines form the framework and the directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with the help of an angle measuring. Set out a survey line and setout perpendicular to it using different geometrical methods briefly explain the procedure. Compass surveying is the type of surveying in which the direction of the survey lines are measured with a compass and the length of the survey lines are measured with a tape or chain in the field. By setting out the rightangle with the optical square or cross staff.
We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. Since the accuracy of the whole survey work depends upon the accuracy of the base line, it should be laid off on the ground level as much as possible. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. Transposing numbers or misplacing the decimal point. Perpendicular offset using cross staff, chain surveying. Aug 03, 2018 although chain surveying is not listed amongst the most accurate methods of field surveying but it is the simplest method of surveying. Tools and equipments required include chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and, sometimes, a cross staff. The study of astronomy resulted in the development of anglereading devices that were based on arcs of large radii, making such instruments too large for field use. Now using the cross staff the instrument we want to set out of first let us.
All observations and measurements taken during chain surveying are to be recorded in a standard field book. Upon initial setup of a station, the levels of the. Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses. The object of cross staff survey is to located the boundaries of field or plot and to find out its area. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing.
These surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas. Procedure for surveying the given open field closed traverse. The maximum tolerance in a 20 m chain is a 2 mm b 3 mm c 5 mm d 8 mm ans. Pdf key points on chain surveying araen shinge academia. It is the method of land surveying in which only linear measurements are made. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. Chain surveying is a type of survey in which the surveyor takes measurements in the field and then completes plot calculations and other processes in the office. Types of measuring chains and tapes in civil surveying. Based on this, the principle of chain surveying is to divide the area. This is most suitably adapted to small plane areas with very few details. First line of sight is set along the chain line and without disturbing setting right angle line of sight is checked to locate the object. Chain surveying is not suitable for large areas having many details.
Pdf surveying problem solving saied albayya academia. Chain and cross staff surveying part 4 numerical by edu tower. Tallies are fixed at every fivemeter length and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached. Chain surveying requires chain, tape and ranging rods.
Surveying traverse surveying traverse distance traverse methods of computing area a simple method that is useful for rough area estimates is a graphical method in this method, the traverse is plotted to scale on graph paper, and the number of squares inside the traverse are counted a d c b distance traverse methods of computing area a c. In its most basic form, a jacobs staff is a stick or pole with length markings. The first line of sight is set along the chain line and without disturbing setting right angle line of sight is checked to locate the object. In plane table surveying the field work and plotting is done using a graphical. This procedure varies with the experiment given to students. It is a method of surveying in which only linear measurements are taken and no angular measurements are made. Principles of chain surveying or linear surveying civil.
Invented by the english mathematician edmund gunter in the early 17th century, gunters chain is exactly 22 yards about 20 m long and divided into 100 links. To determine area of field using cross staff survey. Metric chains steel band or band chain gunters chain or surveyors chain engineers chain revenue chain metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. This is the instrument used for setting out right angles to a chain line. Chain surveying is the simplest method of surveying in which the linear measurements are directly taken in the field and the angular measurements are not taken. Chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm galvanized mild steel wire. In this post i have enlisted and explained all the tools and instruments used in chain. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. In order to note the readings of chain survey a note book or surveyors book is used. All blunders must be found and eliminated prior to submitting a survey for inclusion in the project mapping. Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. The rectangle is the simplest fig that can be plotted from the lengths of its sided. To determine the area of a given field with define boundary by conducting cross staff survey.
Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a time cross staff. Repeat sighting procedure using cross staff, lets meeting point is q, r, s, and t on grid line. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. A good knowledge of chain surveying is therefore essential to a proper knowledge of surveying as a whole. The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth.
In this type of surveying, survey stations main stations, tie or subsidiary stations shall be specified carefully otherwise the outcome of the surveying process may not be accurate. In these surveys, control is achieved by positioning details on the ground which may be identified in images. The temporary adjustments of a prismatic compass are. Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and diagrams. Surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and preparing a map to any suitable scale. The training manual explains the fundamentals of gps, provides classroom and field exercises, and includes a glossary of terms. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. During measurements, it is impossible to set out all the chain lines in a. Instruments used in chain surveying iamcivilengineer.
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